Escala de Respuestas Emocionales por Estrés al Traslado en Transporte Público / Scale of Emotional Responses due to Commuting Stress in Public Transport

Resumen El traslado cotidiano entre la casa y el trabajo demanda un importante uso de recursos personales y puede llegar a ser estresante. El objetivo fue construir y evaluar una escala de respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado en transporte público para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México de manera exploratoria. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas con el propósito de identificar emociones asociadas a la experiencia de estrés por el traslado para desarrollar los reactivos de acuerdo con el contexto. Posteriormente, dos estudios cuantitativos permitieron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 196 y 298 personas respectivamente. La aplicación de la escala se realizó en línea en septiembre de 2020 y abril de 2021. Resultados: la escala incluyó 26 respuestas emocionales asociadas al estrés. En el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se redujo a nueve emociones negativas (X2=1183, gl=36, p=.001, KMO=.94, 60% de varianza explicada, Alfa ordinal=.93), corroboradas en el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (X2=41.87, gl=26, X2/gl=1.61, p=.025; RMR=.036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conclusión: la propuesta exploratoria de la escala para evaluar las respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado presenta valores adecuados para aplicarse en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México.

Abstract The stress in urban settings is related to a greater request for personal resources to face situations of daily life, such as the commuting, since in big cities, people spend a lot of time on it, and sometimes is uncomfortable and annoying, which can cause stress. Commuting stress has been assessed, through commuting daily hassles, commuting stressful features and physiological responses, but it is possible assess it through emotional responses. The aim of this study was to develop and assess an exploratory scale of emotional responses for the study of commuting stress by public transport in an urban area of México that is densely populated. Method, a cross sectional design was used, in which a qualitative exploratory study was carried out through 23 individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group, where it was identified the main emotions experienced during the commuting stress to develop the items in the language of the population. Subsequently, those emotions were compared with emotions proposed in previous studies to complement the scale. Thus, 26 emotions were included to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses. Finally, two quantitative studies were carried out to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, in which 196 and 298 people participated, respectively. The scale was applied online in September 2020 and in April 2021. Results, from the 26 emotional stress responses were reduced to nine negative emotions in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (X2=1183, df=36, p=.001, KMO= .94, 60% variance, Alfa ordinal=.93). This solution was corroborated with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (X2=41.87, d.f.=26, X2/d.f.=1.61, p=.025; RMR= .036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conserve only nine negative emotions is due to statistical analysis but also because some emotions referred to conditions of physical exhaustion or body energy level. On the other hand, positive emotions were related with pleasant commuting situations, not with the commuting stress experience. Conclusion, the exploratory scale to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses presents acceptable values to be applied in this urban area of Mexico.

Efecto de intervenciones psicológicas sobre variables psicosociales en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal: una revisión narrativa de la literatura / Effect of psychological interventions on psychosocial variables in patients with colorectal cancer: a narrative review of the literature

Objetivo: Describir los efectos de intervenciones psicológicas sobre ansiedad, depresión, malestar emocional y/o calidad de vida (CdV) de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal. Método: Revisión narrativa de la literatura en MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL y Cochrane Library, 2011-2021. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 553 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron doce. La mayoría fueron intervenciones breves, individuales y presenciales. La Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual fue la intervención más reportada, mostrando efectos positivos en CdV, específicamente en pacientes con estoma; la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso y la terapia centrada en soluciones también identificaron mejorías en CdV. La terapia de reminiscencia y una intervención para la autoeficacia redujeron la ansiedad y depresión. No se comprobó la efectividad del entrenamiento en relajación y de escritura; la psicoeducación mostró efectos inconsistentes. Conclusión: Existe una escasez de estudios realizados durante los últimos años, los cuales no evidencian un consenso del modelo terapéutico que produzca mejores consistentes en el bienestar psicológico. (AU)

Objective: To describe the effects of psychological interventions on anxiety, depression, emotional distress and/or quality of life (QoL) of patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Narrative literature review in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Library, 2011-2021. Results: A total of 553 articles were obtained, of which twelve were included. Most were brief, individual, face-to-face interventions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was the most reported intervention, showing positive effects on QoL, specifically in stoma patients; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and solution-focused therapy also identified improvements in QoL. Reminiscence therapy and a self-efficacy intervention reported significant improvements in anxiety and depression. Relaxation and writing training were not proven effective; psychoeducation showed inconsistent effects. Conclusion: There is a paucity of studies conducted during the last years, which do not evidence a consensus of the therapeutic model that produces consistent improvements in psychological well-being. (AU)

Validez y confiablidad de la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MSPSS) / Validity and reliability of Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS)

Introducción: Existe evidencia de que el apoyo social es una variable fundamental en la investigación y en la intervención con familias en contextos de salud y enfermedad crónica. Objetivo: Obtener las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MSPSS) en cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes con cáncer. Método: Estudio instrumental, en el que se entrevistó a 257 cuidadores primarios informales (CPI) que acudían a consulta externa en un Instituto Nacional de Salud en la Ciudad de México para el tratamiento contra el cáncer. Los participantes fueron seleccionados de manera no probabilística, de los cuales 227 eran mujeres (83,7%); con un rango de edad de 18 a 65 años (M =31, DT = 9,06); el 45,6% estaban casados, 61,11% tenían hijos y dedicaban más de 30 horas a la semana al cuidado del paciente. Los cuidadores respondieron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, la MSPSS (versión traducida al español) y la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler (K-10). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y un análisis de confiabilidad (Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach). Resultados: El AFC obtuvo índices de ajuste para la MSPSS (CMIN 55,23; GFI 0,997; AGFI 0,995; NFI 0,996; RMR 0,053), y un coeficiente confiabilidad para la escala completa α=0,908. Además, se probó la validez de criterio divergente mediante la correlación de los puntajes de la MSPSS y los puntajes de la K-10. Conclusiones: Este estudio aporta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad satisfactorias para la MSPSS y, por tanto, es un instrumento sensible para la medición de apoyo social en poblaciones de cuidadores familiares de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (AU)

Introduction: There is evidence that social support is a fundamental variable in research and intervention with families in the context of health and chronic disease. Aims: Obtain evidence of validity and reliability of the Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) in informal primary caregivers of patients with cancer.Methods: Instrumental study, in which a non-probabilistic sample of 257 informal primary caregivers (CPI) who attended outpatient consultation at a National Institute of Health in Mexico City for cancer treatment was interviewed. Participants were mostly woman (88,3%)with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years (M = 31, SD = 9,06); were married (45,6%) and approximately 61.11% had children and spent more than 30 hours a week caring for the patient (61,11%). Caregivers answered a questionnaire of sociodemographic and clinical data, the MSPSS (translated into Spanish) and the Kessler Psychological Discomfort Scale (K-10). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed the following fit indices for the MSPSS: CMIN: 55.23; GFI: 0, 997; AGFI: 0,995; NFI: 0,996; RMR: 0,053. Reliability coefficient for the full scale was 0,908. In addition, the validity of divergent criteria was tested by correlating the MSPSS scores and the K-10 scores. Conclusions: This study provides satisfactory validity and reliability evidence for the MSPSS and, therefore, is a useful instrument for measuring social support in populations of family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases (AU)

Children's Microsystems and Their Relationship to Stress and Executive Functioning.

Microsystems are described as contexts formed by a subject, their roles, their interactions, and a specific physical space and time, such as housing and the school environment. Although several studies suggest the importance of studying this type of environment and its repercussion on children's development, in a Latin American context, few studies integrate the interaction of two primary settings in the development of executive functioning. The present study explores the effects of the quality of housing and school environments on the perception of stress, decision making, and planning among children. A total of 114 children (43% girls and 57% boys, M age = 10.57) from a primary school located in a community classified as poor participated in the study. The following was measured: the environmental quality of classrooms, housing, stress, and executive functioning of children. The results reveal a model linking environmental quality levels in children's homes and schools and executive functioning. We also obtain a mediating role of stress between microsystems and performance, finding a deficit in executive performance when children experienced higher levels of stress as a result of poor environmental quality both in their homes and in their schools.

Desarrollo y Validación de la Escala de Restauración Psicológica Percibida en Población Mexicana / Development and Validation of the Psychological Restoration Perceived Scale in Mexican Population

Resumen El ambiente físico juega un papel importante en el manejo del estrés; la investigación ha probado la relación entre la exposición a ambientes naturales y la recuperación del estrés fisiológico y la fatiga mental. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar una escala confiable y válida que evalúe la percepción de restauración psicológica ante el estrés en escenarios naturales. El desarrollo de la escala se realizó en dos fases, en la primera fase, se utilizó la técnica de redes semánticas, a partir de los resultados se redactaron los reactivos que se probaron en la segunda etapa, la validación del instrumento se hizo a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, en esta etapa participaron 273 personas, hombres y mujeres, con edad promedio de 30 años. A través del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio se conformó la versión final de la escala que con 23 ítems que evalúan tres factores, valoración estética y afectiva, restauración y prospectiva, con valores de ajuste X2=550.51, p=0.00, CFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.07 y confiabilidad total de 0.96 considerándose que la escala es un instrumento válido y confiable, por lo que su uso puede contribuir en la evaluación y diseño de ambientes restauradores.

Abstract The physical environment plays an important role in stress management; Research has proven the relationship between exposure to natural environments and the recovery of physiological stress and mental fatigue, they capable of improving their physiological and psychological processes; this mechanism has explained under the framework of the Theory of Stress Recovery. In this sense, the TSR argues that exposure to natural environments protects people against the negative impact of environmental stressors and offers physiological, emotional and attention restoration more than urban environments. The natural places that allow the renewal of personal adaptation resources to meet the demands of everyday life are named restorative environments. According to the TSR, the exposure to natural scenes mediates the negative effects of stress, which reduces negative mood and, improves positive emotions. The present work aimed to validate a Psychological Restoration Perceived Scale that measures the perception of psychological restoration in natural settings in the Mexican Population. The development of the scale were carried out in two phases: in the first phase, the semantic network technique was used to identify the latent variables or factors, after which the items that were tested in the second stage were written; in the second phase, the validation of the instrument was made through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, 273 people, men and women, with an average age of 30 years participated in this stage. The final scale consists of 23 items that evaluate three factors: aesthetic and affective assessment, restoration and prospective. The results have shown that the adjustment values are optimal (X2=550.51, p=0.00, CFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.07), and total reliability of the scale is 0.96 considering that the scale is a valid and reliable instrument, so its use can contribute to the evaluation and design of restorative environments.

Desarrollo de la Escala Expectativa de Comportamiento Ambiental de Otros con adultos jóvenes mexicanos / Development of the Expectation of other's Environmental Behavior Scale with a Sample of Mexican Young Adults

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue desarrollar una escala que mida la expectativa de comportamiento ambiental de otros y observar si hay relación con la conducta proambiental autorreportada. Se generaron 13 reactivos de respuesta tipo Likert, aplicados a una muestra de 218 adultos jóvenes mexicanos. El análisis factorial exploratorio muestra una estructura bifactorial, que distingue entre la expectativa de comportamiento proambiental y antiambiental, cuyos índices de consistencia interna fueron alfa = 0.77 y alfa = 0.79, que explican el 57.65% de la varianza. Se les aplicó también una escala de conductas proambientales. Mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se mostró que el factor de expectativa de comportamiento en estudio tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la conducta proambiental. Los resultados muestran evidencia de una escala bifactorial con propiedades psicométricas aceptables.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure expectation of others' environmental behavior, and notice if there is a relationship between this variable and self-report of pro-environmental behaviors. Thirteen items Likert-type were development, and was applied to a sample of two hundred eighteen Mexican young adults. The exploratory factor analysis shows a bi-factorial structure distinguishes between, expectation of pro-environmental behavior, and expectation of anti-environmental behavior. Their Cronbach's alpha score was 0.77 and 0.79; both factors accounted for 57.65% of the variance. A scale of pro-environmental actions was applied too. A structural equation model showed that the factor expectation of pro-environmental behavior has a significant effect on pro-environmental actions. The result shows evidence for bi-factorial scale with acceptable psychometrics properties.

Validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave en la Ciudad de México / Validation and reliability of the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception in Mexico City

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue generar un instrumento confiable y válido que permita evaluar la percepción del riesgo de deslave en habitantes de asentamientos urbanos vulnerables a riesgos geológicos en la ciudad de México. Se construyó una escala conformada por 9 reactivos con 5 opciones de respuesta; para obtener las propiedades psicométricas óptimas se aplicó a 217 habitantes de entre 18 y 86 años de edad, 126 mujeres y 91 hombres. El análisis de la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad proporcionan una escala final constituida por 6 reactivos organizados en 2 factores, con apropiados índices de bondad de ajuste. Se concluye que la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave proporciona información relevante para la toma de decisiones ante fenómenos naturales extremos en la ciudad de México.

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale that assessed the risk perception in urban settlements vulnerable to geological hazards in Mexico City. The scale included 9 items with 5 optional answers. In order to obtain optimum psychometric properties, the scale was applied to 217 inhabitants between the ages of 18 and 86, from which 126 were women and 91 men. The analysis of factorial structure and the reliability provide a final scale made up from 6 items organized in 2 factors with satisfactory goodness of fit (df = 8; χ2 = 14.138; P = .078; CFI = .990; RMSEA = .060). It is concluded that the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception provides relevant information for decision-making to extreme natural phenomena in Mexico City.

Assessment of Environmental Quality, Degree of Optimism, and the Assignment of Responsibility Regarding the State of the Environment in Latin America / Evaluación de la Calidad Ambiental, Grado de Optimismo y Asignación de Responsabilidad con Respecto al Estado del Ambiente en Latinoamérica

This study explores the assessments made by the inhabitants of eight Latin American countries regarding the current state of the environment, at a local, national and global scale, and how it is perceived looking ahead to the future. It also examines the assignment of responsibility in the future management of the environment. A total of 944 people took part in the study from the eight participating countries, men and women over the age of 18 with different levels of education. The study uses the Environmental Futures Scale to which two relevant items have been added to assess the environment in the region, as well as the Assignment of Environmental Responsibility Scale. The results show differences between the countries, although in general they are pessimistic regarding the current and future state of the environment at the local, national and global level, with the exception of Brazil. In general, and with the exception of Brazil, in the countries surveyed, people assign a high level of responsibility to external social agents at the different levels, increasing their judgement of external responsibility at the national and global levels of analysis. The implications of these findings for environmental policy and education in the countries of this region are also discussed.

El presente estudio explora las evaluaciones realizadas por los habitantes de ocho países de América Latina en relación con su percepción sobre el estado actual del medio ambiente a escala local, nacional y mundial, así como las expectativas hacia el futuro del ambiente y la asignación de responsabilidades en cuanto a la gestión del futuro ambiental. Participaron un total de 944 personas de ocho países, hombres y mujeres de más 18 años con diferentes niveles de educación. Se aplicó la Escala de Futuros Ambientales a la que se le añadieron dos ítems pertinentes para evaluar el medio ambiente en la región y los ítems correspondientes a la Escala de Responsabilidad Ambiental. Los resultados muestran diferencias entre los países, aunque en general son pesimistas sobre el estado actual y futuro del medio ambiente a nivel local, nacional y mundial, con la excepción de Brasil. Igualmente en general, y con la excepción de Brasil, en los diferentes países encuestados las personas asignan un alto nivel de responsabilidad a los agentes sociales externos en los diferentes niveles, siendo más grande la responsabilidad asignada en los ámbitos nacional y mundial. También se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para la política del medio ambiente y las implicaciones para la educación en los países de esta región.

Traducción y Adaptación al Español del Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral para Profesores / Spanish Translation and Adaptation of the Teachers' Job Satisfaction Questionnaire

Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta el proceso de traducción al español, adaptación y validación del Teachers Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Lester, 1987). Se aplicaron 66 reactivos en escala Likert con cinco opciones de respuesta en una muestra de 392 profesores mexicanos de educación básica, media superior y superior; 188 mujeres y 204 hombres. A través del análisis de discriminación, confiabilidad y estructura factorial de los reactivos se obtuvieron 33 válidos con un alfa de Cronbach de .910, agrupados en siete factores: Supervisión, Actitudes negativas hacia la docencia, Progreso, Responsabilidad, Trabajo en sí mismo, Clima social y Condiciones laborales.

Abstract: In this paper, the Spanish translation, adaptation, and validation processes of the Teachers Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Lester, 1987) are described. 66 items with a five-option answer Likert scale were applied to 392 Mexican teachers (188 female, 204 male). Discrimination, reliability, and factor analyses were undertaken to obtain 33 items in seven factors: Supervision, Negative attitudes to teaching, Progress, Responsibility, Work itself, Social climate, and Working conditions. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was calculated (coefficient alpha) in .91 for the total score.

Adaptación y validación psicométrica de la Escala de Clima Social Organizacional (WES) de Moos en México / Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Moos' Work Environmental Scale (WES) in Mexico

El propósito de este estudio fue generar un instrumento que permita medir el clima social organizacional en el entorno mexicano de manera confiable y válida. Para lo cual, se adaptó la Escala de Clima Social Organizacional (WES) versión en español (Moos, 2008), conformada por 90 reactivos con 6 opciones de respuesta; para realizar su validación psicométrica se aplicó a 490 trabajadores mexicanos, de entre 18 y 66 años de edad, 261 mujeres y 229 hombres con diferentes grados de escolaridad. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos; la confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población laboral nacional. La escala final estuvo constituida por 18 reactivos, organizados en tres factores y un indicador: Clima laboral, Aspectos físicos, Normatividad organizacional y el indicador Cambio.

The objective of this research was to generate a standardized that assessed organization social climate in Mexican population. Was used The Work Environmental Scale, Spanish version (Moos, 2008), to be adapted. The scale include 90 items, with six options for answers. The scale was applied to 490 Mexican employees in order to obtain its psychometrical validation. The distribution was as follow: age between 18 and 66; 261 women and 229 men; diverse school levels. A proper analysis took place in order to learn about the items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure for the Mexican worker population. The final scale was conformed by 18 items organized by three factors and one indicator as follow: 1) work environment, 2) physical aspects of the work place, 3) organization rules and regulations and 4) the change indicator.

Construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluar la actitud hacia una mujer con éxito / Construction and Validity of a Measure to assess Attitudes toward Successful Women

Las mujeres están tomando otra posición en la sociedad, ya que han accedido de forma generalizada a la educación, al trabajo remunerado y a la política, lo cual genera cambios que están relacionados con la modificación actual del rol de la mujer. Dado su impacto de estos cambios en las relaciones interpersonales, el propósito del presente estudio fue construir una escala que mida la actitud hacia una mujer con éxito en hombres y mujeres. Se aplicó a una muestra de 618 participantes voluntarios, 304 hombres y 314 mujeres. Después de obtener la consistencia interna y la discriminación de reactivos, se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal. Los resultados agruparon 71 reactivos en 4 factores: líder, afectiva-altruista, autosuficiente y competente.

Women are taking another position in the society, because they have accessed education, well-paid job, and politics, which generate changes which are related with the actual women role. Given the impact of these changes in interpersonal relationships, the objective of the present research was to construct a scale which measures the attitude to a successful woman in men and women. A sample was applied to 618 volunteer participants, 304 men and 314 women. After obtaining the internal consistent and the discrimination of reagents, a factorial analysis of the principal components with orthogonal rotation was made. The results grouped 71 reagents in four factors: leader, affective-altruistic, self-sufficient and competent.